wdiff rfc4650.original rfc4650.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force - MSEC WG
Internet Draft
Network Working Group M. Euchner
Intended
Request for Comments: 4650 September 2006
Category: Proposed Standard
Expires: October 2005 April 2005

HMAC-authenticated Standards Track

HMAC-Authenticated Diffie-Hellman
for MIKEY
<draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-11.txt> Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)

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HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for MIKEY April 2005 the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This document describes a light-weight lightweight point-to-point key management
protocol variant for the multimedia Internet keying (MIKEY) protocol
MIKEY, as defined in RFC 3830. In particular, this variant deploys
the classic Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol for key
establishment featuring perfect forward secrecy in conjunction with a
keyed hash message authentication code for achieving mutual
authentication and message integrity of the key management messages
exchanged. This protocol addresses the security and performance
constraints of multimedia key management in MIKEY.

Conventions used in this document

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [2].

Table of Contents

1. Introduction................................................3 Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Definitions...............................................6 Definitions ................................................5
1.2. Abbreviations.............................................7 Abbreviations ..............................................6
1.3. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................7
2. Scenario....................................................8 Scenario ........................................................7
2.1. Applicability.............................................9 Applicability ..............................................7
2.2. Relation to GKMARCH.......................................9 GKMARCH ........................................8
3. DHHMAC Security Protocol...................................10 Protocol ........................................8
3.1. TGK re-keying............................................12 Re-keying .............................................10
4. DHHMAC payload formats.....................................13
4.1. Common header payload (HDR)..............................13 Payload Formats .........................................10
4.2. Key data transport payload (KEMAC).......................14 Data Transport Payload (KEMAC) ........................12
4.3. ID payload (ID)..........................................15 Payload (ID) ...........................................12
4.4. General Extension Payload................................15 Payload .................................12
5. Security Considerations....................................16 Considerations ........................................13
5.1. Security environment.....................................16 Environment ......................................13
5.2. Threat model.............................................16 Model ..............................................13
5.3. Security features Features and properties.........................19 Properties ..........................16
5.4. Assumptions..............................................23

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 Assumptions ...............................................19
5.5. Residual risk............................................24 Risk .............................................20
5.6. Authorization and Trust Model............................26 Model .............................21
6. Acknowledgments............................................26 Acknowledgments ................................................21
7. IANA considerations........................................26 Considerations ............................................22
8. References.................................................27
8.1 References .....................................................22
8.1. Normative References.......................................27
8.2 References ......................................22
8.2. Informative References...................................27 References ....................................22
Appendix A A. Usage of MIKEY-DHHMAC in H.235......................30
Full Copyright Statement........................................33
Expiration Date.................................................34
Revision History................................................34
Author's Addresses..............................................37 H.235 ........................25

1. Introduction

There is work done in IETF to develop key management schemes. For
example, IKE [14] [12] is a widely accepted unicast scheme for IPsec, and
the MSEC WG is developing other schemes, addressed to group
communication [24], [25]. [17], [18]. For reasons discussed below, there is
however is,
however, a need for a scheme with low latency, suitable for demanding
cases such as real-time data over heterogeneous networks, networks and small
interactive groups.

As pointed out in MIKEY (see [3]), [2]), secure real-time multimedia
applications demand a particular adequate light-weight lightweight key management
scheme that cares for how takes care to securely and efficiently establish dynamic session keys securely and
efficiently in a conversational multimedia scenario.

In general, MIKEY scenarios cover peer-to-peer, simple-one-to-many simple one-to-many,
and small-sized groups. MIKEY in particular, particular describes three key
management schemes for the peer-to-peer case that all finish their
task within one round trip: roundtrip:

- a symmetric key distribution protocol (MIKEY-PS) based upon
pre-shared on pre-
shared master keys; keys

- a public-key encryption-based key distribution protocol

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

(MIKEY-PK) (MIKEY-PK
and reverse-mode MIKEY-RSA-R [33]) assuming a public-key
infrastructure with RSA-based (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman)
private/public keys and digital
certificates; certificates

- and a Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol (MIKEY-DHSIGN) deploying
digital signatures and certificates.

All of these three key management protocols are designed such so that they
complete their work within just one round trip. roundtrip. This requires
depending on loosely synchronized clocks and deploying timestamps
within the key management protocols.

However, it is known [7] [6] that each of the three key management
schemes has its subtle constraints and limitations:

- The symmetric key distribution protocol (MIKEY-PS) is simple to implement,
implement; however, it was not intended to scale to support any
configurations beyond peer-to-peer, simple one-to-many, and
small-size (interactive) groups, due to the need of for mutually
pre-assigned shared master secrets.

Moreover, the security provided does not achieve the property of
perfect forward secrecy; i.e. i.e., compromise of the shared master
secret would render past and even future session keys susceptible
to compromise.

Further, the generation of the session key happens just at the
initiator. Thus, the responder has to fully trust the initiator on choosing
to choose a good and secure session secret; the responder neither is able
neither to participate in the key generation nor to influence that
process. This is considered as a specific limitation in less trusted
environments.

- The public-key encryption scheme (MIKEY-PK) (MIKEY-PK and MIKEY-RSA-R [33])
depends upon a public-key infrastructure that certifies the
private-public keys by issuing and maintaining digital
certificates. While such a key management scheme provides schemes provide full
scalability in large networked configurations, public-key
infrastructures are

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 still not widely available and available, and, in general,
implementations are significantly more complex.

Further, additional round trips roundtrips and computational processing might
be necessary for each end system in order to ascertain
verification of the digital certificates. For example, typical
operations in the context of a public-key infrastructure such as may
involve extra network communication handshakes with the public-key
infrastructure and with certification authorities and may
typically involve additional processing steps in the end systems.
These operations would include validating digital certificates
(RFC 3029, [31]), [24]), ascertaining the revocation status of digital
certificates (RFC 2560, [30]) and [23]), asserting certificate policies,
construction of certification path(s) ([33]), ([26]), requesting and
obtaining necessary certificates (RFC 2511,
[32]) [25]), and management
of certificates for such purposes ([29])
may involve extra network communication handshakes with the
public-key infrastructure and with certification authorities
and may typically involve additional processing steps in the
end systems. ([22]). Such steps and tasks
all result in further delay of the key agreement or key
establishment phase among the end systems, which negatively impacting
affects setup time. Any extra PKI handshakes and processing are
not in the scope of MIKEY MIKEY, and since this document only deploys
symmetric security mechanisms only, mechanisms, aspects of PKI, digital certificates
certificates, and related processing are not further covered in
this document.

Finally, as in the symmetric case, the responder depends
completely upon the initiator initiator's choosing good and secure session
keys.

- The third MIKEY-DHSIGN key management protocol deploys the
Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme and authenticates the exchange
of the Diffie-Hellman half-keys in each direction by using a
digital signature. This approach has the same advantages and
deficiencies as described in the previous section in terms of a
public-key infrastructure.

However, the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol is known for
its subtle security strengths in that it is able to provide full
perfect forward secrecy (PFS) and further have to both parties
actively involved in session key generation. This special
security property - despite (despite the somewhat higher

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 computational costs -
costs) makes Diffie-Hellman techniques attractive in practice.

In order to overcome some of the limitations as outlined above, a
special need has been recognized for another efficient key agreement
protocol variant in MIKEY. This protocol variant aims to provide the
capability of perfect forward secrecy as part of a key agreement with
low latency without dependency on a public-key infrastructure.

This document describes such a fourth light-weight lightweight key management scheme
for MIKEY that could somehow be seen as a synergetic optimization
between the pre-shared key distribution scheme and the Diffie-Hellman
key agreement.

The idea of the protocol in this document is to apply the Diffie-
Hellman key agreement, but rather than deploying deploy a digital signature for
authenticity of the exchanged keying material, it instead uses a
keyed-hash upon using for symmetrically pre-assigned shared secrets. This
combination of security mechanisms is called the HMAC-
authenticated HMAC-authenticated
Diffie-Hellman (DH) key agreement for MIKEY (DHHMAC).

The DHHMAC variant closely follows the design and philosophy of MIKEY
and reuses MIKEY protocol payload components and MIKEY mechanisms to
its maximum benefit and for best compatibility.

Like the MIKEY Diffie-Hellman protocol, DHHMAC does not scale beyond
a point-to-point constellation; thus, both MIKEY Diffie-Hellman
protocols do not support group-based keying for any group size larger
than two entities.

1.1. Definitions

The definitions and notations in this document are aligned with
MIKEY,
MIKEY; see [3], [2] sections 1.3 - 1.4.

All large integer computations in this document should be understood
as being mod p within some fixed group G for some large prime p; see

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

[3]
[2] section 3.3; however, 3.3. However, the DHHMAC protocol is also applicable in
general
generally to other appropriate finite, cyclical groups as well.

It is assumed that a pre-shared key s is known by both entities
(initiator and responder). The authentication key auth_key is
derived from the pre-shared secret s using the pseudo-random function
PRF; see [3] [2] sections 4.1.3 and 4.1.5.

In this text, [X] represents an optional piece of information.
Generally throughout the text, X SHOULD be present unless certain
circumstance
circumstances MAY allow X being to be optional and not to be present present,
thereby potentially resulting in weaker security potentially. Likewise security. Likewise, [X, Y]
represents an optional compound piece of information where the pieces
X and Y
SHOULD be either SHOULD both be present or MAY optionally be both be
absent. {X} denotes zero or more occurrences of X.

1.2. Abbreviations

auth_key pre-shared Pre-shared authentication key, PRF-derived from
pre-shared key s.
DH Diffie-Hellman
DHi public Public Diffie-Hellman half key g^(xi) of the
Initiator
DHr public Public Diffie-Hellman half key g^(xr) of the
Responder
DHHMAC HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman
DoS Denial-of-service
G Diffie-Hellman group
HDR MIKEY common header payload
HMAC keyed Keyed Hash Message Authentication Code
HMAC-SHA1 HMAC using SHA1 as hash function (160-bit result)
IDi Identity of initiator
IDr Identity of receiver
IKE Internet Key Exchange
IPsec Internet Protocol Security
MIKEY Multimedia Internet KEYing
MIKEY-DHHMAC MIKEY Diffie-Hellman key management protocol using
HMAC
MIKEY-DHSIGN MIKEY Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
MIKEY-PK MIKEY public-key encryption-based key distribution
protocol
MIKEY-PS MIKEY pre-shared key distribution protocol
p Diffie-Hellman prime modulus
PKI Public-key Infrastructure
PRF MIKEY pseudo-random function (see [3] [2] section
4.1.3.)
4.1.3)
RSA Rivest, Shamir Shamir, and Adleman
s pre-shared Pre-shared key
SDP Session Description Protocol
SOI Son-of-IKE, IKEv2
SP MIKEY Security Policy (Parameter) Payload
T timestamp Timestamp
TEK Traffic Encryption Key
TGK MIKEY TEK Generation Key Key, as the common Diffie-
Hellman shared secret
TLS Transport Layer Security
xi secret, Secret, (pseudo) random Diffie-Hellman key of the
Initiator
xr secret, Secret, (pseudo) random Diffie-Hellman key of the
Responder

1.3. Conventions Used in This Document

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].

2. Scenario

The HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol (DHHMAC)
for MIKEY addresses the same scenarios and scope as the other three
key management schemes in MIKEY address.

DHHMAC is applicable in a peer-to-peer group where no access to a
public-key infrastructure can be assumed to be available. Rather,
pre- shared master secrets are assumed to be available among the
entities in such an environment.

In a pair-wise group, it is assumed that each client will be setting
up a session key for its outgoing links with its peer using the DH-
MAC key agreement protocol.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

As is the case for the other three MIKEY key management protocols,
DHHMAC assumes, at least, loosely synchronized clocks among the
entities in the small group.

To synchronize the clocks in a secure manner, some operational or
procedural means are recommended. MIKEY-DHHMAC does not define any
secure time synchronization measures, measures; however, sections 5.4 and 9.3
of [3] [2] provide implementation guidance on clock synchronization and
timestamps.

2.1. Applicability

MIKEY-DHHMAC, as well as

MIKEY-DHHMAC and the other MIKEY key management protocols, is protocols are
intended for application-level key management and is are optimized for
multimedia applications with real-time session setup and session
management constraints.

As the MIKEY-DHHMAC key management protocol terminates in one
roundtrip, DHHMAC is applicable for integration into two-way
handshake session- session or call signaling protocols such as

a) SIP/SDP SIP [13] and SDP, where the encoded MIKEY messages are
encapsulated and transported in SDP containers of the SDP
offer/answer [RFC 3264]
handshake see RFC 3264 [27]) handshake, as described in [5], [4];
and
b) H.323 (see [22]) [15]), where the encoded MIKEY messages are transported
in the H.225.0 fast start call signaling handshake. Appendix A
outlines the usage of MIKEY-DHHMAC within H.235.

MIKEY-DHHMAC is offered as an option to the other MIKEY key
management variants (MIKEY-pre-shared, MIKEY-public-key and MIKEY-DH-SIGN) MIKEY-
DH-SIGN) for all those cases where DHHMAC has its particular
strengths (see section 5).

2.2. Relation to GKMARCH

The Group key management architecture (GKMARCH) [26] [19] describes a
generic architecture for multicast security group key management
protocols. In the context of this architecture, MIKEY-DHHMAC may

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
operate as a registration protocol, protocol; see also [3] [2] section 2.4. The
main entities involved in the architecture are a group controller/key
server (GCKS), the receiver(s), and the sender(s). Due to the pair-wise pair-
wise nature of the Diffie-Hellman operation and the 1-roundtrip
constraint, usage of MIKEY-DHHMAC rules out any deployment as a group
key management protocol with more than two group entities. Only the
degenerate case with two peers is possible where where, for example example, the
responder acts as the group controller.

Note that MIKEY does not provide re-keying in the GKMARCH sense, only
updating of the keys by normal unicast messages.

3. DHHMAC Security Protocol

The following figure defines the security protocol for DHHMAC:

Initiator Responder

I_message = HDR, T, RAND, [IDi], IDr,
{SP}, DHi, KEMAC
-----------------------> R_message = HDR, T,
[IDr], IDi, DHr,
DHi, KEMAC
<----------------------

Figure 1: HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman key based key-based exchange,
where xi and xr are (pseudo) randomly chosen respectively chosen, respectively,
by the initiator and the responder.

The DHHMAC key exchange SHALL be done according to Figure 1. The
initiator chooses a (pseudo) random value value, xi, and sends an HMACed
message including g^(xi) and a timestamp to the responder. It is
recommended that the initiator SHOULD always include the identity
payloads IDi and IDr within the I_message; unless the receiver can
defer the initiator's identity by some other means, then IDi MAY

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
optionally be omitted. The initiator SHALL always include the
recipient's identity.

The group parameters (e.g., the group G) are a set of parameters
chosen by the initiator. Note, Note that like in the MIKEY protocol, both
sender and receiver explicitly transmit the Diffie-Hellman group G
within the Diffie-Hellman payload DHi or DHr through an encoding
(e.g., OAKLEY group numbering, numbering; see [3] [2] section 6.4); the 6.4). The actual
group parameters g and p however p, however, are not explicitly transmitted but
can be deduced from the Diffie-Hellman group G. The responder
chooses a (pseudo) random positive integer integer, xr, and sends an HMACed
message including g^(xr) and the timestamp to the initiator. The
responder SHALL always include the initiator's identity IDi
regardless of whether the I_message conveyed any IDi. It is
RECOMMENDED that the responder SHOULD always include the identity
payload IDr within the R_message; unless the initiator can defer the
responder's identity by some other means, then IDr MAY optionally be left
out.

Both parties then calculate the TGK as g^(xi * xr).

The HMAC authentication provides authentication of the DH half-
keys, half-keys
and is necessary to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks.

This approach is less expensive than digitally signed Diffie-
Hellman Diffie-Hellman
in that both sides compute first one exponentiation and one HMAC, HMAC first,
then one HMAC verification verification, and finally another Diffie-
Hellman Diffie-Hellman
exponentiation.

With off-line pre-computation, the initial Diffie-Hellman half-key
MAY be computed before the key management transaction and thereby MAY
further reduce the overall round trip delay roundtrip delay, as well as reduce the risk of
denial-of-service attacks.

Processing of the TGK SHALL be accomplished as described in MIKEY
[3] chapter [2]
section 4.

The computed HMAC result SHALL be conveyed in the KEMAC payload field
where the MAC fields holds the HMAC result. The HMAC SHALL

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 be
computed over the entire message message, excluding the MAC field using
auth_key,
auth_key; see also section 4.2.

3.1. TGK re-keying Re-keying

TGK re-keying for DHHMAC generally proceeds as described in [3] [2]
section 4.5. Specifically, figure Figure 2 provides the message exchange
for the DHHMAC update message.

Initiator Responder

I_message = HDR, T, [IDi], IDr,
{SP}, [DHi], KEMAC
-----------------------> R_message = HDR, T,
[IDr], IDi,
[DHr, DHi], KEMAC
<----------------------

Figure 2: DHHMAC update message

TGK re-keying supports two procedures:

a) True re-keying by exchanging new and fresh Diffie-Hellman half-
keys. For this, the initiator SHALL provide a new, fresh DHi DHi, and
the responder SHALL respond with a new, fresh DHr and the received
DHi.

b) Non-key related information update without including any Diffie-Hellman Diffie-
Hellman half-keys included in the exchange. Such a transaction does not
change the actual TGK but updates other information like such as
security policy parameters for example. parameters. To only update the non-key related information,
information only, [DHi] and [DHr, DHi] SHALL be left out.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

4. DHHMAC payload formats Payload Formats

This section specifies the payload formats and data type values for
DHHMAC,
DHHMAC; see also [3] chapter 6 [2] section 6, for a definition of the MIKEY
payloads.

This document does not define new payload formats but re-uses MIKEY
payloads for DHHMAC as referenced:

* Common header payload (HDR), (HDR); see section 4.1 and [3] [2] section 6.1 6.1.

* SRTP ID sub-payload, sub-payload; see [3] [2] section 6.1.1, 6.1.1.

* Key data transport payload (KEMAC), (KEMAC); see section 4.2 and [3] [2] section
6.2
6.2.

* DH data payload, payload; see [3] [2] section 6.4 6.4.

* Timestamp payload, [3] payload; see [2] section 6.6 6.6.

* ID payload, [3] payload; [2] section 6.7 6.7.

* Security Policy payload (SP), [3] (SP); see [2] section 6.10 6.10.

* RAND payload (RAND), [3] (RAND); see [2] section 6.11 6.11.

* Error payload (ERR), [3] (ERR); see [2] section 6.12 6.12.

* General Extension Payload, [3] Payload; see [2] section 6.15 6.15.

4.1. Common header payload Header Payload (HDR)

Referring to [3] [2] section 6.1, for DHHMAC the following data types SHALL be used: used
for DHHMAC:

Data type | Value | Comment
-------------------------------------------------------------

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
DHHMAC init | 7 | Initiator's DHHMAC exchange message
DHHMAC resp | 8 | Responder's DHHMAC exchange message
Error | 6 | Error message, message; see [3] [2] section 6.12

Table 4.1.a

Note: A responder is able to recognize the MIKEY DHHMAC protocol by
evaluating the data type field as 7 or 8. This is how the responder
can differentiate between MIKEY and MIKEY DHHMAC.

The next payload field SHALL be one of the following values:

Next payload| Value | Section
----------------------------------------------------------------
Last payload| 0 | -
KEMAC | 1 | section 4.2 and [3] [2] section 6.2
DH | 3 | [3] [2] section 6.4
T | 5 | [3] [2] section 6.6
ID | 6 | [3] [2] section 6.7
SP | 10 | [3] [2] section 6.10
RAND | 11 | [3] [2] section 6.11
ERR | 12 | [3] [2] section 6.12
General Ext.| 21 | [3] [2] section 6.15

Table 4.1.b

Other defined next payload values defined in [3] [2] SHALL not be applied
to DHHMAC.

The responder in

In case of a decoding error or of a failed HMAC authentication verification
verification, the responder SHALL apply the Error payload data type.

4.2. Key data transport payload Data Transport Payload (KEMAC)

DHHMAC SHALL apply this payload for conveying the HMAC result along
with the indicated authentication algorithm. KEMAC when When used in
conjunction with DHHMAC DHHMAC, KEMAC SHALL not convey any encrypted data;
thus
thus, Encr alg SHALL be set to 2 (NULL), Encr data len SHALL be set

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
to 0 0, and Encr data SHALL be left empty. The AES key wrap method
(see [23]) [16]) SHALL not be applied for DHHMAC.

For DHHMAC, this key data transport payload SHALL be the last payload
in the message. Note that the Next payload field SHALL be set to
Last payload. The HMAC is then calculated over the entire MIKEY message
message, excluding the MAC field using auth_key as described in [3] [2]
section 5.2 5.2, and then stored within the MAC field.

Table 4.2.a

HMAC-SHA-1 is the default hash function that MUST be implemented as
part of the DHHMAC. The length of the HMAC-SHA-1 result is 160 bits.

4.3. ID payload Payload (ID)

For DHHMAC, this payload SHALL only hold a non-certificate based non-certificate-based
identity.

4.4. General Extension Payload

For DHHMAC and DHHMAC, to avoid bidding-down attacks, this payload SHALL list
all key management protocol identifiers of a surrounding
encapsulation protocol protocol, such as for example, SDP [5]. [4]. The General Extension
Payload SHALL be integrity-protected integrity protected with the HMAC using the shared
secret.

Type | Value | Comments
SDP IDs | 1 | List of SDP key management IDs (allocated for
use in [5]); [4]); see also [3] [2] section 6.15.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

Table 4.4.a

5. Security Considerations

This document addresses key management security issues throughout.
For a comprehensive explanation of MIKEY security considerations,
please refer to MIKEY [3] [2] section 9.

In addition to that, addition, this document addresses security issues according to [8]
[7], where the following security considerations apply in particular
to this document:

5.1. Security environment

Generally, the Environment

The DHHMAC security protocol described in this document focuses
primarily on communication security; i.e. i.e., the security issues
concerned with the MIKEY DHHMAC protocol. Nevertheless, some system
security issues are also of interest as well that are not explicitly defined
by the DHHMAC protocol, but that should be provided locally in
practice.

The system that runs the DHHMAC protocol entity SHALL provide the
capability to generate (pseudo) random numbers as input to the
Diffie-Hellman operation (see [9], [15]). [8]). Furthermore, the system SHALL be
capable of storing the generated (pseudo) random data, secret data, keys
keys, and other secret security parameters securely (i.e. (i.e.,
confidential and safe from unauthorized tampering).

5.2. Threat model Model

The threat model, to which this document adheres, covers the issues
of end-to-end security in the Internet generally, without ruling out
the possibility that MIKEY DHHMAC can be deployed in a corporate,
closed IP environment. This also includes the possibility that MIKEY
DHHMAC can be deployed on a hop-by-hop basis with some intermediate
trusted "MIKEY DHHMAC proxies" involved.

Since DHHMAC is a key management protocol, the following security
threats are of concern:

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

* Unauthorized interception of plain TGKs: For DHHMAC DHHMAC, this threat
does not occur since the TGK is not actually transmitted on the
wire (not even in encrypted fashion).

* Eavesdropping of other, transmitted keying information: DHHMAC
protocol does not explicitly transmit the TGK at all. Instead, by
using the Diffie-Hellman "encryption" operation, which conceals the
secret (pseudo) random values, only partial information (i.e. (i.e., the DH- half key)
DH half-key) for construction of the TGK is transmitted. It is
fundamentally assumed that availability of such Diffie-Hellman
half-keys to an eavesdropper does not result in any substantial
security risk; see 5.4. Furthermore, the DHHMAC carries other data
such as timestamps, (pseudo) random values, identification
information or security policy parameters; eavesdropping of any
such data is considered not considered to yield any significant security risk.

* Masquerade of either entity: This security threat must be avoided avoided,
and if a masquerade attack would be attempted, appropriate
detection means must be in place. DHHMAC addresses this threat by
providing mutual peer entity authentication.

* Man-in-the-middle attacks: Such attacks threaten the security of
exchanged, non-authenticated messages. Man-in-the-middle attacks
usually come with masquerade and or loss of message integrity (see
below). Man-in-the-middle attacks must be avoided, and avoided and, if present
or attempted attempted, must be detected appropriately. DHHMAC addresses
this threat by providing mutual peer entity authentication and
message integrity.

* Loss of integrity: This security threat relates to unauthorized
replay, deletion,
insertion insertion, and manipulation of messages. While
Although any such attacks cannot be avoided avoided, they must be detected at least. least be
detected. DHHMAC addresses this threat by providing message
integrity.

* Bidding-down attacks:

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 When multiple key management protocols protocols, each
of a distinct security
level level, are offered (e.g., such (such as is those made
possible by SDP [5]), [4]), avoiding bidding-down attacks is of concern.
DHHMAC addresses this threat by reusing the MIKEY General Extension
Payload mechanism, where all key management protocol identifiers
are to be listed within the MIKEY General Extension Payload.

Some potential threats are not within the scope of this threat model:

* Passive and off-line cryptanalysis of the Diffie-Hellman algorithm:
Under certain reasonable assumptions (see 5.4 below) 5.4, below), it is widely
believed that DHHMAC is sufficiently secure and that such attacks
are infeasible, although the possibility of a successful attack
cannot be ruled out.

* Non-repudiation of the receipt or of the origin of the message:
These are not requirements within the context of DHHMAC in this
environment
environment, and thus related countermeasures are not provided at
all.

* Denial-of-service or distributed denial-of-service attacks: Some
considerations are given on some of those attacks, but DHHMAC does
not claim to provide full countermeasure against any of those
attacks. For example, stressing the availability of the entities
are
is not thwarted by means of the key management protocol; some other
local countermeasures should be applied. Further, some DoS attacks
are not countered countered, such as interception of a valid DH- request and
its massive instant duplication. Such attacks might at least be
countered partially by some local means that are outside the scope
of this document.

* Identity protection: Like MIKEY, identity protection is not a major
design requirement for MIKEY-DHHMAC either, MIKEY-DHHMAC, either; see [3]. [2]. No security
protocol is known so
far, far that is able to provide the objectives of
DHHMAC as stated in section 5.3 5.3, including identity protection
within just a single roundtrip. MIKEY-DHHMAC trades identity
protection for better security for the keying material and shorter
roundtrip time. Thus, MIKEY-DHHMAC does not provide identity
protection on its own but

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 may inherit such property from a security
protocol underneath that actually features identity protection.

The DHHMAC security protocol (see section 3) and the TGK re-keying
security protocol (see section 3.1) provide the option not to
supply identity information. This option is only applicable if
some other means are available of supplying to supply trustworthy identity
information; e.g., by relying on secured links underneath of MIKEY
that supply trustworthy identity information otherwise. some other way.
However, it is understood that without identity information present, information, the
MIKEY key management security protocols might be subject to
security weaknesses such as masquerade, impersonation impersonation, and
reflection attacks attacks, particularly in end-to-end scenarios where no
other secure means of assured identity information is are provided.

Leaving identity fields optional if possible (if doing so is possible) thus
should not be seen as a privacy method method, either, but rather as a
protocol optimization feature.

5.3. Security features Features and properties Properties

With the security threats in mind, this draft document provides the
following security features and yields the following properties:

* Secure key agreement with the establishment of a TGK at both peers:
This is achieved using an authenticated Diffie-Hellman key
management protocol.

* Peer-entity authentication (mutual): This authentication
corroborates that the host/user is authentic in that possession of
a pre-assigned secret key is proven using keyed HMAC.
Authentication occurs on the request and on the response
message, message;
thus authentication is mutual.

The HMAC computation corroborates for authentication and message
integrity of the exchanged Diffie-Hellman half-keys and associated
messages. The authentication is absolutely necessary in order to

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005
avoid man-in-the-middle attacks on the exchanged messages in
transit and and, in particular, on the otherwise non-authenticated
exchanged Diffie-Hellman half keys. half-keys.

Note: This document does not address issues regarding
authorization; this feature is not provided explicitly. However,
DHHMAC authentication means support and facilitate realization of
authorization means (local issue).

* Cryptographic integrity check: The cryptographic integrity check is
achieved using a message digest (keyed HMAC). It includes the
exchanged Diffie-Hellman half-keys but covers the other parts of
the exchanged message as well. Both mutual peer entity
authentication and message integrity provide effective
countermeasures against man-in-the-middle attacks.

The initiator may deploy a local timer that fires when the awaited
response message did not arrive in a timely manner. This is
intended to detect deletion of entire messages.

* Replay protection of the messages is achieved using embedded
timestamps.
timestamps: In order to detect replayed messages messages, it is essential
that the clocks among initiator and sender be roughly synchronized.
The reader is referred to [3] [2] section 5.4 5.4, and [3] [2] section 9.3 that 9.3,
which provide further considerations and give guidance on clock
synchronization and timestamp usage. Should the clock
synchronization be lost, then end systems cannot detect replayed
messages anymore resulting that anymore, and the end systems cannot securely establish
keying material. This may result in a denial-of-service, denial-of-service; see [3] [2]
section 9.5.

* Limited DoS protection: Rapid checking of the message digest allows
verifying the authenticity and integrity of a message before
launching CPU intensive Diffie-Hellman operations or starting other
resource consuming tasks. This protects against some denial-of-service denial-of-
service attacks: malicious modification of messages and spam
attacks with (replayed or masqueraded) messages. DHHMAC probably
does not explicitly counter sophisticated distributed, large-scale denial-

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

of-service
denial-of-service attacks that compromise system availability availability, for
example. Some DoS protection is provided by inclusion of the
initiator's identity payload in the I_message. This allows the
recipient to filter out those (replayed) I_messages that are not
targeted for him and avoids the recipient from to avoid creating unnecessary MIKEY sessions.

* Perfect-forward secrecy (PFS): Other than the MIKEY pre-shared and public-key based
public-key-based key distribution protocols, the Diffie-Hellman key
agreement protocol features a security property called perfect
forward secrecy. That is, that even if the long-term pre-shared key would be is
compromised at some point in time, this would does not render compromise past or
future session
keys compromised. keys.

Neither the MIKEY pre-shared nor the MIKEY public-key protocol
variants are able to provide the security property of perfect-
forward secrecy. Thus, none of the other MIKEY protocols is able
to substitute the Diffie-Hellman PFS property.

As such, DHHMAC, as well as DHHMAC and digitally signed DH, provides DH provide a far superior
security level over to that of the pre-shared or public-key based public-key-based key
distribution protocol in that respect.

* Fair, mutual key contribution: The Diffie-Hellman key management
protocol is not a strict key distribution protocol per se with se, in which
the initiator distributing distributes a key to its peers. Actually, both
parties involved in the protocol exchange are able to equally contribute to
the common Diffie-
Hellman Diffie-Hellman TEK traffic generating key. key equally. This
reduces the risk of either party cheating or unintentionally
generating a weak session key. This makes the DHHMAC a fair key
agreement protocol. One may view this property as an additional
distributed security measure that is increasing increases security robustness
over that of the case where all the security depends just on the
proper implementation of a single entity.

In order for

For Diffie-Hellman key agreement to be secure, each party SHALL
generate its xi or xr values using a strong, unpredictable
pseudo-random pseudo-
random generator if a source of true randomness is not

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 available.
Further, these values xi or xr SHALL be kept private. It is
RECOMMENDED that these secret values be destroyed once the common
Diffie-Hellman shared secret key has been established.

* Efficiency and performance: Like the MIKEY-public key protocol, the
MIKEY DHHMAC key agreement protocol securely establishes a TGK
within just one roundtrip. Other existing key management techniques like
techniques, such as IPsec-IKE [14], [12], IPsec-IKEv2 [21] and [14], TLS [13] [11], and
other schemes schemes, are not deemed adequate in addressing sufficiently those real-time real-
time and security
requirements; requirements sufficiently; they all use more than
a single roundtrip. All the MIKEY key management protocols are
able to complete their task of security policy parameter negotiation
negotiation, including key-agreement or key distribution distribution, in one
roundtrip. However, the MIKEY pre-shared and the MIKEY public-key
protocol both are both able to complete their task even in a half-round trip half-
roundtrip when the confirmation messages are omitted.

Using HMAC in conjunction with a strong one-way hash function such (such
as SHA1 SHA1) may be achieved more efficiently in software than
expensive public-key operations. This yields a particular
performance benefit of DHHMAC over signed DH or the public-key
encryption protocol.

If a very high security level is desired for long-term secrecy of
the negotiated Diffie-Hellman shared secret, longer hash values may
be deployed deployed, such as SHA256, SHA384 SHA384, or SHA512 provide, possibly in
conjunction with stronger Diffie-Hellman groups. This is left as
for further study.

For the sake of improved performance and reduced round trip delay roundtrip delay,
either party may off-line pre-compute its public Diffie-Hellman
half-key. half-key
off-line.

On the other side and under reasonable conditions, DHHMAC consumes
more CPU cycles than the MIKEY pre-shared key distribution
protocol. The same might hold true quite likely for the MIKEY
public-key distribution protocol (depending on choice of the
private and public key lengths).

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 As such, it can be said that
DHHMAC provides sound performance when compared with the other
MIKEY protocol variants.

The use of optional identity information (with the constraints
stated in section 5.2) and optional Diffie-Hellman half-key fields
provides a means to increase performance and shorten the consumed
network bandwidth.

* Security infrastructure: This document describes the HMAC-authenticated HMAC-
authenticated Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol that protocol, which
completely avoids digital signatures and the associated public-key infrastructure
infrastructure, as would be necessary for the X.509 RSA public-key based public-
key-based key distribution protocol or the digitally signed
Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol as described in MIKEY.
Public-key infrastructures may not always be available in certain environments
environments, nor may they be deemed adequate for real-
time real-time
multimedia applications when taking additional steps are taken for
certificate validation and certificate revocation methods with
additional round-trips roundtrips into account.

DHHMAC does not depend on PKI PKI, nor do implementations require PKI
standards and thus
standards. Thus, it is believed to be much simpler than the more
complex PKI facilities.

DHHMAC is particularly attractive in those environments where
provisioning of a pre-shared key has already been accomplished.

* NAT-friendliness: DHHMAC is able to operate smoothly through
firewall/NAT devices as long as the protected identity information
of the end entity is not an IP /transport IP/transport address.

* Scalability: Like the MIKEY signed Diffie-Hellman protocol, DHHMAC
does not scale to any larger configurations beyond peer-to-peer
groups.

5.4. Assumptions

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

This document states a couple of assumptions upon which the security
of DHHMAC significantly depends. It is assumed, that The following conditions are
assumed:

* the The parameters xi, xr, s s, and auth_key are to be kept secret.

* the The pre-shared key s has sufficient entropy and cannot be
effectively guessed.

* the The pseudo-random function (PRF) is secure, yields indeed the
pseudo-random property pseudo-
random property, and maintains the entropy.

* a A sufficiently large and secure Diffie-Hellman group is applied.

* the The Diffie-Hellman assumption holds saying basically that even with
knowledge of the exchanged Diffie-Hellman half-keys and knowledge
of the Diffie-Hellman group, it is infeasible to compute the TGK or
to derive the secret parameters xi or xr. The latter is also
called the discrete logarithm assumption. Please see [7], [11] [6], [9], or
[12]
[10] for more background information regarding the Diffie-Hellman
problem and its computational complexity assumptions.

* the The hash function (SHA1) is secure; i.e. that i.e., it is computationally
infeasible to find a message which that corresponds to a given message
digest, or to find two different messages that produce the same
message digest.

* the The HMAC algorithm is secure and does not leak the auth_key. In
particular, the security depends on the message authentication
property of the compression function of the hash function H when it
is applied to single blocks (see [6]). [5]).

* a A source capable of producing sufficiently many bits of (pseudo)
randomness is available.

* the The system upon which DHHMAC runs is sufficiently secure.

5.5. Residual risk

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 Risk

Although these detailed assumptions are non-negligible, security
experts generally believe that all these assumptions are reasonable
and that the assumptions made can be fulfilled in practice with
little or no expenses.

The mathematical and cryptographic assumptions of the properties of
the PRF, the Diffie-Hellman algorithm (discrete log-assumption), the
HMAC algorithm algorithm, and the SHA1 algorithms have been neither proven or nor
disproven at this time.

Thus, a certain residual risk remains, which might threaten the
overall security at some unforeseeable time in the future.

The DHHMAC would be compromised as soon as any of the listed
assumptions do not hold anymore. no longer hold.

The Diffie-Hellman mechanism is a generic security technique that is
not only applicable to groups of prime order or of characteristic
two. This is because of the fundamental mathematical assumption that
the discrete logarithm problem is also a very hard one in general
groups. This enables Diffie-Hellman to be deployed also for GF(p)*,
for sub-groups of sufficient size size, and for groups upon elliptic
curves. RSA does not allow such generalization, as the core
mathematical problem is a different one (large integer
factorization).

RSA asymmetric keys tend to become increasingly lengthy (1536 bits
and more) and thus very computationally intensive. Nevertheless,
elliptic curve
Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) allows to cut-down key lengths to be cut
down substantially (say 170 bits or more) while maintaining at least
the security level and providing even more significant performance
benefits in practice. Moreover, it is believed that elliptic curve elliptic-curve
techniques provide much better protection against side channel
attacks due to the inherent redundancy in the projective coordinates.
For all these reasons, one may view elliptic-curve-based Diffie-
Hellman as being more "future-proof" and robust against potential
threats than RSA. Note, RSA is. Note that an elliptic-curve Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman
variant
variants of MIKEY remains for further study.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

It is not recommended are defined in [31].

HMAC-SHA1 is a key security mechanism within DHHMAC on which the
overall security of MIKEY DHHMAC depends. MIKEY DHHMAC uses HMAC-
SHA1 in combination with the classic Diffie-Hellman key agreement
scheme. HMAC-SHA1 is a keyed one-way hash function that involves a
secret in its computation. DHHMAC applies HMAC-SHA1 for protection
of the MIKEY payload. Likewise, the pseudo-random function PRF
within MIKEY [2] uses the HMAC-SHA1 mechanism as a key derivation
function. While certain attacks have been reported against SHA1 and
MD5 (see [29]), with current knowledge (see [29], [30]), no attacks
have been reported against the HMAC-SHA1 security mechanism. In
fact, [32] proves that HMAC possesses the property of a pseudo-random
function PRF assuming solely that the (SHA1) hash function is a
pseudo-random function. [32] also provides evidence that HMAC is
robust against collision attacks on the underlying hash function. It
is believed that MIKEY DHHMAC should be considered secure enough for
the time being. Thus, there is no need to change the underlying
security mechanism within the MIKEY DHHMAC protocol.

It is not recommended to deploy DHHMAC for any other usage use than that
depicted in section 2. Otherwise any such Any misapplication might lead to unknown,
undefined properties.

5.6. Authorization and Trust Model

Basically, similar remarks on authorization as those stated in [3] [2]
section
4.3.2. 4.3.2 hold also for DHHMAC. However, as noted before, this
key management protocol does not serve full groups.

One may view the pre-established shared secret to yield as yielding some pre-
established trust relationship between the initiator and the
responder. This results in a much simpler trust model for DHHMAC
than would be the case for some generic group key management protocol
and potential group entities without any pre-defined trust
relationship. The common group controller in In conjunction with the assumption of a shared key key,
the common group controller simplifies the communication setup of the
entities.

One may view the pre-established trust relationship through the pre-
shared secret as some means for pre-granted, implied authorization.
This document does not define any particular authorization means but
leaves this subject to the application.

6. Acknowledgments

This document incorporates kindly kindly, valuable review feedback from
Steffen Fries, Hannes Tschofenig, Fredrick Lindholm, Mary Barnes Barnes, and
Russell Housley and general feedback by the MSEC WG.

7. IANA considerations Considerations

This document does not define its own new name spaces for DHHMAC,
beyond the IANA name spaces that have been assigned for MIKEY, MIKEY; see
[3] section
[2] sections 10 and section 10.1, see also 10.1 and IANA MIKEY payload name spaces [37].

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

In order to align Table 4.1.a with [3] table 6.1.a, Table 6.1.a in [2], IANA is
requested to add the following entries to their MIKEY Payload Name
Space:

Data Type Value Reference
--------------- ----- ---------
DHHMAC init 7 [RFCxxxx] RFC 4650
DHHMAC resp 8 [RFCxxxx]

[Note to the RFC editor: Please replace RFCxxxx with the RFC number of
this document prior to publication.] 4650

8. References
8.1

8.1. Normative References

[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3",
BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.

[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[3] J.

[2] Arkko, E. J., Carrara, F. E., Lindholm, M. F., Naslund, M., and K. Norrman;
Norrman, "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing", RFC 3830 IETF, 3830, August
2004.

[4]

[3] NIST, FIBS-PUB 180-1, 180-2, "Secure Hash Standard", April 1995,
http://csrc.nist.gov/fips/fip180-1.ps.

[5] J.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/
fips180-2withchangenotice.pdf.

[4] Arkko, J., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M., Norrman, K., and E. Carrara et al:
Carrara, "Key Management Extensions for SDP Session Description
Protocol (SDP) and RTSP", Internet Draft <draft-ietf-mmusic-kmgmt-ext-14.txt>,
Work in Progress (MMUSIC WG), IETF, March 2005.

[6] H. Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)", RFC
4567, July 2006.

[5] Krawczyk, M. H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti: Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing
for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.

8.2

8.2. Informative References

[7]

[6] A.J. Menezes, P. van Oorschot, S. A. Vanstone: "Handbook of
Applied Cryptography", CRC Press 1996.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

[8] E.

[7] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver: " Guidelines Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on
Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, IETF, July 2003.

[9] D. Eastlake, S. Crocker:

[8] Eastlake 3rd, D., Crocker, S., and J. Schiller, "Randomness
Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, IETF, December 1994.

[10] S.M. Bellovin, C. Kaufman, J. I. Schiller: "Security
Mechanisms for the Internet", RFC 3631, IETF, December 2003.

[11]

[9] Ueli M. Maurer, S. Wolf: "The Diffie-Hellman Protocol",
Designs, Codes, and Cryptography, Special Issue Public Key
Cryptography, Kluwer Academic Publishers, vol. 19, pp. 147-171,
2000. ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/crypto/publications/MauWol00c.ps

[12]
ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/crypto/publications/MauWol00c.ps.

[10] Discrete Logarithms and the Diffie-Hellman Protocol;
http://www.crypto.ethz.ch/research/ntc/dldh/

[13] T. Protocol,
http://www.crypto.ethz.ch/research/ntc/dldh/.

[11] Dierks, C. Allen: T. and E. Rescorla, "The TLS Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol Version 1.0.", 1.1", RFC 2246,
IETF, January 1999.

[14] D. 4346, April 2006.

[12] Harkins, D. Carrel: and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE).", (IKE)",
RFC 2409, IETF, November 1998.

[15] Donald

[13] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Eastlake, Jeffrey I. Schiller, Steve Crocker:
"Randomness Requirements for Security"; <draft-eastlake-
randomness2-10.txt>; Work in Progress, IETF, January 2005.

[16] J. Schiller: "Strong Security Requirements for Internet
Engineering Task Force Standard Protocols", RFC 3365, IETF,
2002.

[17] C. Meadows: "Advice on Writing an Internet Draft Amenable to
Security Analysis", Work in Progress, <draft-irtf-cfrg-advice-
00.txt>, IRTF, October 2002.

[18] T. Narten: "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations
Section in RFCs", RFC 2434, IETF, October 1998.

[19] J. Reynolds: "Instructions to Request for Comments (RFC)

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

Authors", Work in Progress, <draft-rfc-editor-rfc2223bis-
08.txt>, IETF, August 2004.

[20] J. Rosenberg et all: Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, IETF, June 2002.

[21] Ch. Kaufman:

[14] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", Work in
Progress (IPSEC WG), <draft-ietf-ipsec-ikev2-17.txt>, Internet
Draft, Work in Progress (IPSEC WG).

[22] RFC
4306, December 2005.

[15] ITU-T Recommendation H.235 Annex G: "Usage H.235.7: " H.323 Security framework: Usage
of the MIKEY Key Management Protocol for the Secure Real Time
Transport Protocol (SRTP) within H.235"; 1/2005.

[23] 9/2005.

[16] Schaad, J., Housley R.: J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, IETF, September 2002.

[24]

[17] Baugher, M., Weis, B., Hardjono, T., and H. Harney, H.: "The Group
Domain of Interpretation", RFC 3547, IETF, July 2003.

[25]

[18] Harney, H., Colegrove, A., Harder, E., Meth, U., Fleischer, R.:
"Group Colegrove, A., and G. Gross, "GSAKMP:
Group Secure Association Key Management Protocol", <draft-ietf-
msec-gsakmp-sec-08.txt>, Internet Draft, Work in Progress (MSEC
WG).

[26] RFC 4535,
June 2006.

[19] Baugher, M., Canetti, R., Dondeti, L., and F. Lindholm, F.: "Group
"Multicast Security (MSEC) Group Key Management Architecture", <draft-ietf-msec-gkmarch-08.txt>,
Internet Draft, Work in Progress (MSEC WG).

[27]
RFC 4046, April 2005.

[20] Baugher, M., McGrew, Oran, Blom, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, Naslund: E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol", Protocol (SRTP)", RFC
3711, IETF, March 2004.

[28]

[21] ITU-T Recommendation H.235V3Amd1 Corr1, "Security and
encryption H.235.0, " H.323 Security framework:
Security framework for H-series (H.323 and other H.245-based) H.245 based)
multimedia
terminals", (01/2005).

[29] C. Adams et al: systems", (09/2005).

[22] Adams, C., Farrell, S., Kause, T., and T. Mononen, "Internet
X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocols"; draft-ietf-pkix-rfc2510bis-
09.txt, Internet Draft, Work in Progress (PKIX WG).

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

[30] M. Myers et al: Protocol
(CMP)", RFC 4210, September 2005.

[23] Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A., Galperin, S., and C. Adams,
"X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate
Status Protocol - OCSP", RFC 2560, IETF, June 1999.

[31] C. Adams et al:

[24] Adams, C., Sylvester, P., Zolotarev, M., and R. Zuccherato,
"Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Data Validation and
Certification Server Protocols", RFC 3029, IETF, February 2001.

[32] M. Myers:

[25] Schaad, J., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
Certificate Request Message Format", Format (CRMF)", RFC 2511, IETF, March 1999.

[33] M. Cooper et al: 4211, September
2005.

[26] Cooper, M., Dzambasow, Y., Hesse, P., Joseph, S., and R.
Nicholas, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure:
Certification Path Building", <draft-ietf-pkix-certpathbuild-
05.txt>, Internet Draft, Work in Progress (PKIX WG).

[34] Bradner, S., "IETF Rights in Contributions", BCP 78, RFC 3978,
March 2005.

[35] Bradner, S., "Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology",
BCP 79, RFC 3979, March 4158, September 2005.

[36] J.

[27] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne: Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with the
Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, IETF, June 2002.

[37] IANA MIKEY Payload Name Spaces per [RFC3830], RFC 3830, see
http://www.iana.org/assignments/mikey-payloads
http://www.iana.org/assignments/mikey-payloads.

[29] Hoffman, P. and B. Schneier, "Attacks on Cryptographic Hashes
in Internet Protocols", RFC 4270, November 2005.

[30] Bellovin, S.M. and E.K. Rescorla: "Deploying a New Hash
Algorithm", October 2005,
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/papers/new-hash.pdf.

[31] Milne, A., Blaser, M., Brown, D., and L. Dondetti, "ECC
Algorithms For MIKEY", Work in Progress, June 2005.

[32] Bellare, M.: "New Proofs for NMAC and HMAC: Security Without
Collision-Resistance", http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/043.pdf,
November 2005.

[33] Ignjatic, D., Dondeti, L., Audet, F., and P. Lin, "An
additional mode of key Distribution in MIKEY: MIKEY-RSA-R",
Work in Progress, August 2006.

Appendix A A. Usage of MIKEY-DHHMAC in H.235

This appendix provides informative overview how MIKEY-DHHMAC can be
applied in some H.323-based multimedia environments. Generally,
MIKEY is applicable for multimedia applications including IP
telephony. [22] [15] describes various use cases of the MIKEY key
management protocols (MIKEY-PS, MIKEY-PK, MIKEY-DHSIGN and MIKEY-
DHHMAC) with the purpose to establish TGK keying material among H.323
endpoints. The TGKs are then used for media encryption by applying
SRTP [27]. [20]. Addressed scenarios include point-to-point with one or
more intermediate gatekeepers (trusted or partially trusted)
in-between.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 in
between.

One particular use case addresses MIKEY-DHHMAC to establish a media
connection from an endpoint B calling (through a gatekeeper) to
another endpoint A that is located within that same gatekeeper zone.
While EP-A and EP-B typically do not share any auth_key a priori,
some separate protocol exchange means are achieved outside the actual
call setup procedure to establish an auth_key for the time while
endpoints are being registered with the gatekeeper; such protocols
exist [22] [15] but are not shown in this document. The auth_key between
the endpoints is being used to authenticate and integrity protect the
MIKEY-DHHMAC messages.

To establish a call, it is assumed that endpoint B has obtained
permission from the gatekeeper (not shown). Endpoint B as the caller
builds the MIKEY-DHHMAC I_message(see I_message (see section 3) and sends the
I_message encapsulated within the H.323-SETUP to endpoint A. A
routing gatekeeper (GK) would forward this message to endpoint B; in
case of a non-routing gatekeeper, endpoint B sends the SETUP directly
to endpoint A. In either case, H.323 inherent security mechanisms [28]
[21] are applied to protect the (encapsulation) message during
transfer. This is not depicted here. The receiving endpoint A is
able to verify the conveyed I_message and can compute a TGK.
Assuming that endpoint A would accept the call, EP-A then builds the
MIKEY-DHHMAC R_message and sends the response as part of the
CallProceeding-to-Connect message back to the calling endpoint B
(possibly through a routing gatekeeper). Endpoint B processes the
conveyed R_message to compute the same TGK as the called endpoint A.

1.) EP-B -> (GK) -> EP-A: SETUP(I_fwd_message [, I_rev_message])
2.) EP-A -> (GK) -> EP-B: CallProceeding-to-CONNECT(R_fwd_message
[, R_rev_message])

Notes: If it is necessary to establish directional TGKs for full-
duplex links in both directions B->A and A->B, then the
calling endpoint B instantiates the DHHMAC protocol twice:
once in the direction B->A using I_fwd_message and another run
in parallel in the direction A->B using I_rev_message. In
that case, two MIKEY-DHHMAC I_messages are encapsulated within
SETUP (I_fwd_message and I_rev_message) and two

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 MIKEY-DHHMAC
R_messages (R_fwd_message and R_rev_message) are encapsulted encapsulated
within CallProceeding-to-CONNECT. The I_rev_message
corresponds with the I_fwd_message. Alternatively, the called
endpoint A may instantiate the DHHMAC protocol in a separate
run with endpoint B (not shown); however, this requires a
third handshake to complete.

For more details on how the MIKEY protocols may be deployed
with H.235, please refer to [22].

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005 [15].

Author's Address

Martin Euchner
Hofmannstr. 51
81359 Munich, Germany

Phone: +49 89 722 55790
Fax: +49 89 722 62366
EMail: martin_euchner@hotmail.com

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HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman

Acknowledgement

Funding for MIKEY April 2005

Expiration Date

This Internet Draft expires on 30 October 2005.

[Note to the RFC editor: Please remove the entire following section
prior to publication.]

Revision History

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-10.txt:
* A few editorial bugs removed.
* References updated.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-09.txt:
*IESG review feedback incorporated; generally, only editorial
corrections.
* Section 2.1.1 moved into new Appendix A.
* IANA considerations section reworked and clarified.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-08.txt:
* PKIX removed; some minor editorials.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-07.txt:

* Feedback addressed from AD review.
* added considerations on the possible impact of PKIX protocols and
operations to end systems with real-time constraints (section 1).
* added note that DH group Editor function is transmitted explicitly but not the
parameters g and p; see section 3.
* added considerations on clock synchronization and timestamps in
section 2 and in section 5.3 in the view of consequences on replay
protection.
* references updated.
* editorial corrections and cleanup.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-06.txt:

* Abstract reworded.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

* used new RFC boilerplate: changed/moved IPR statement (now at provided by the beginning), status of Memo, and Intellectual Property Rights
section in accordance with RFC 3667, RFC 3668.
* ID nits removal.
* References updated.
* Note added to section 4.1 explaining how to differentiate
between MIKEY and DHHMAC.
* New section 4.4 added that describes the use of the general
extension payload to avoid bidding-down attacks.
* Description of the bidding-down avoidance mechanism removed from
the threat model in section 5.2.
* IANA considerations section re-written and aligned with MIKEY.
* Open issue on KMID pointed in IANA considerations section.
* editorial clean-up.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-05.txt:

* HMAC-SHA1-96 option removed (see section 1.2, 4.2, 5.3,). This
option does not really provide much gain; removal reduces
number
of options.
* IDr added to I_message for DoS protection of the recipient; see
section 3, 3.1, 5.3.
* References updated.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-04.txt:

* Introduction section modified: PFS property of DH, requirement
for 4th MIKEY key management variant motivated.
* MIKEY-DHSIGN, MIKEY-PK and MIKEY-PS added to section 1.2
Abbreviations.
* Note on secure time synchronization added to section 2.0.
* New section 2.2 "Relation to GMKARCH" added.
* New section 2.1.1 "Usage in H.235" added: this section outlines
a use case of DHHMAC in the context of H.235.
* Trade-off between identity-protection and security & performance
added to section 5.1.
* New section 5.6 "Authorization and Trust Model" added.
* Some further informative references added.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-03.txt:

* RFC 3552 available; some references updated.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-02.txt:

* text allows both random and pseudo-random values.
* exponentiation ** changed to ^.
* Notation aligned with MIKEY-07.
* Clarified that the HMAC is calculated over the entire MIKEY
message excluding the MAC field.
* Section 4.2: The AES key wrap method SHALL not be applied.
* Section 1: Relationship with other, existing work mentioned.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-01.txt:

* bidding-down attacks addressed (see section 5.2).
* optional [X], [X, Y] defined and clarified (see section 1.1,
5.3).
* combination of options defined in key update procedure (see
section 3.1).
* ID payloads clarified (see section 3 and 5.2).
* relationship with MIKEY explained (roundtrip, performance).
* new section 2.1 on applicability of DHHMAC for SIP/SDP and
H.323 added.
* more text due to DH resolution incorporated in section 5.3
regarding PFS, security robustness of DH, generalization
capability of DH to general groups in particular EC and
"future-proofness".
* a few editorials and nits.
* references adjusted and cleaned-up.

Changes against draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-00.txt:

* category set to proposed standard.
* identity protection clarified.
* aligned with MIKEY-05 DH protocol, notation and with payload
* some editorials and nits.

HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for MIKEY April 2005

Changes against draft-euchner-mikey-dhhmac-00.txt:

* made a MSEC WG draft
* aligned with MIKEY-03 DH protocol, notation and with payload
formats
* clarified that truncated HMAC actually truncates the HMAC result
rather than the SHA1 intermediate value.
* improved security considerations section completely rewritten in
the spirit of [8].
* IANA consideration section added
* a few editorial improvements and corrections
* IPR clarified and IPR section changed.

Author's Addresses

Martin Euchner
Email: martin_euchner@hotmail.com
Phone: +49 89 722 55790 Hofmannstr. 51
Fax: +49 89 722 62366

81359 Munich, Germany IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).